A&P Introduction

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Deb Starr
Size: 89 cards
Define the Anatomical Position
The patient is standing erect
Why is the body divided into imaginary line?
To describe the exact location when charting.
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Define "medial"
toward the midline
Define "proximal"
nearest the point of attachment
Define "distal"
farthest from the point of attachment
Define "lateral"
away from the midline
Define "anterior:"
toward the front
Define "frontal"
toward the front
Define "ventral"
toward the front or belly side
Define "superior"
above the traverse plane
Define "cranial"
toward the head (motion)
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Define "inferior"
below the traverse plane
Define "caudal"
toward the tail or feet (motion)
Define "posterior"
toward the back
What does the Midline divide?
The left and right sides of the body
What does the Traverse line divide?
The upper and lower halves of the body
What does the Coronal line divide?
The anterior and posterior sides of the body.
What do "medial" and "lateral" refer to?
The midline
What is required when discussing "proximal" and "distal"?
A reference point
What do "superior" and "inferior" refer to?
The traverse line
What do "cranial" and "caudal" refer to?
The traverse line
If referring to a stationary point in relation to the traverse line
which terms should be used?
If referring to movement with relation to the traverse line
which terms should be used?
What do "ventral" and "dorsal" refer to?
The coronal line
What do "anterior" and "posterior" refer to?
The coronal line
What are the two main cavities of the body?
Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/Dorsal
Where is the Anterior/Ventral Cavity?
toward the belly side of the body
What does the Anterior/Ventral Cavity include?
The head
Where is the Posterior/Dorsal Cavity?
toward the back
What does the Posterior/Dorsal Cavity contain?
the brain and spinal cord.
What is the Diaphragm?
A large
What are the four quadrants of the Abdomen?
Right Upper
When separating the quadrants and regions of the Abdomen
where is the Abdomen considered to begin?
Name the nine regions of the abdomen from right to left
starting at the top.
Define "cell"
Basic structural and functional unit of the body (basic building block of the body)
What do cells need to survive?
Oxygen and nutrients
Define "nucleus"
Center of a cell
What do cells produce?
Heat and energy
What do mitochondria do?
Provide energy to the cell
What do ribosomes do?
Help in protein synthesis/production.
What does an endoplasmic reticulum do?
Helps with protein packaging.
What are lysosomes?
Enzymes that help with digestion.
Where are chromosomes located?
In the nucleus of the cell.
What do chromosomes contain?
Hereditary information which is passed from one generation to the next.
How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell?
23 pairs
How many pairs of choromosomes are identical?
22 pairs
What is contained in the 23rd pair of chromosomes?
The gender.
What is the gender of XY chromosomes?
Male.
What is the gender of XX chromosomes?
Female.
How many chromosomes are found in a sperm or an egg?
23 single chromosomes (not pairs)
When a sperm and an egg fuse
how many single chromosomes are there?
What is cytoplasm?
Semi-solid fluid within the membrane where chemical reactions occur.
What does the cell membrane do?
Separates the cell from the surrounding environment.
What are the six ways molecules pass through cell membranes?
Diffusion
What is Diffusion?
Gas
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of water or another solvent through a selectively permiable membrane
What is filtration?
Movement of solutes and water across a semi-permiable membrane.
What makes filtration work?
Force
What is Active Transport?
Molecules move across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
What makes Active Transport work?
Energy
What is Phagocytosis?
When white blood cells become phagocytes and engulf bacteria
What is Pinocytosis?
When cells engulf large molecules of liquid materials; cell drinking.
What is not required for Osmosis?
Force.
What is a cleft palate?
A structural defect which is present in the upper lip
What is a cleft palate?
A structural defect which is present in the roof of the mouth
What is the cause of a cleft palate or cleft lip?
The failure of the soft or boney tissues to unite during the 8th to 12th week of gestation.
What is Down Syndrome?
A genetic syndrome caused by improper cell division.
How often does Down Syndrome occur?
1 in every 1000 births
What is the result of being born with an extra Chromosome 21?
Down Syndrome.
Name the physical characteristics of Down Syndrome.
Slanting eyes
What occurs in all cases of Down Syndrome?
Mental retardation and some degree of growth restriction
What is a tissue?
Cells of the same type
What are the four classifications of tissue?
Epithelial
What percentage of tissue are made up of water?
60% to 90%
What function does Epithelial tissue have?
Forms the body's glands
What function does Connective tissue have?
Connects tissues together to form the organs and body parts.
What function does Muscle tissue have?
Contracts and moves parts of the body.
What function does Nerve tissue have?
Generates and transmits electrochemical impulses in the body.
Name the 10 body systems.
Integumentary
What is included in the Integumentary body system?
Skin
What is included in the Muscular body system?
Muscles.
What is included in the Skeletal body system?
Bones and joints.
What is included in the Nervous body system?
Brain and spine.
What is included in the Endocrine System?
The body's nine glands.
What is included in the Circulatory body system?
Heart and blood vessels.
What is included in the Respiratory body system?
Mouth
What is included in the Digestive body system?
Intestines.
What is included in the Urinary body system?
Bladder
What is included in the Reproductive body system?
Sex organs.